Selenium Web自动化测试

03. Selenium Web自动化测试

Web游戏自动化测试完全指南

Selenium简介

Selenium是Web自动化测试的行业标准,支持:

所有主流浏览器(Chrome、Firefox、Safari、Edge)
多种编程语言
跨平台运行
丰富的API和工具

应用场景

Web游戏功能测试
浏览器游戏UI测试
游戏官网测试
H5小游戏测试
回归测试自动化

环境配置

安装Selenium

pip install selenium
pip install webdriver-manager  # 自动管理驱动

配置ChromeDriver

from selenium import webdriver
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service

# 方式1: 自动管理驱动(推荐)
service = Service(ChromeDriverManager().install())
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service)

# 方式2: 手动指定驱动路径
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path='/path/to/chromedriver')

# 方式3: 驱动在PATH中
driver = webdriver.Chrome()

Chrome选项配置

from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options

options = Options()

# 无头模式(后台运行)
options.add_argument('--headless')

# 窗口大小
options.add_argument('--window-size=1920,1080')

# 禁用GPU加速
options.add_argument('--disable-gpu')

# 禁用沙盒(Docker环境需要)
options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')
options.add_argument('--disable-dev-shm-usage')

# 忽略证书错误
options.add_argument('--ignore-certificate-errors')

# 禁用图片加载(加速)
prefs = {'profile.managed_default_content_settings.images': 2}
options.add_experimental_option('prefs', prefs)

driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)

元素定位

8种定位方法

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

# 1. ID定位(最快最稳定)
element = driver.find_element(By.ID, 'username')

# 2. Name定位
element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, 'password')

# 3. Class Name定位
element = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'login-btn')

# 4. Tag Name定位
element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'input')

# 5. Link Text定位(完全匹配)
element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, '登录')

# 6. Partial Link Text定位(部分匹配)
element = driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, '登')

# 7. CSS Selector定位(推荐)
element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#username')
element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.login-btn')
element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'input[name="username"]')

# 8. XPath定位(最强大)
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@id="username"]')
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//button[text()="登录"]')

CSS Selector技巧

# ID选择器
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#player-name')

# Class选择器
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.game-button')

# 属性选择器
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '[data-test-id="login"]')
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'input[type="password"]')

# 层级选择器
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'div.container > button')
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#game-area .player-info')

# 伪类选择器
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'button:first-child')
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'li:nth-child(2)')

# 组合选择器
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'button.primary[type="submit"]')

XPath技巧

# 绝对路径(不推荐,脆弱)
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '/html/body/div[1]/form/input[1]')

# 相对路径(推荐)
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@id="username"]')

# 文本匹配
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//button[text()="开始游戏"]')
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//a[contains(text(), "登录")]')

# 属性匹配
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@type="text"]')
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//div[@class="game-panel"]')

# 轴定位
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//label[text()="用户名"]/following-sibling::input')
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//button[@id="submit"]/../input')

# 逻辑运算
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@type="text" and @name="username"]')
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//button[@class="btn" or @class="button"]')

元素操作

基础操作

# 输入文本
element.send_keys('test_user')

# 清空内容
element.clear()

# 点击
element.click()

# 提交表单
element.submit()

# 获取文本
text = element.text

# 获取属性
value = element.get_attribute('value')
class_name = element.get_attribute('class')

# 获取CSS属性
color = element.value_of_css_property('color')

# 判断元素状态
is_displayed = element.is_displayed()
is_enabled = element.is_enabled()
is_selected = element.is_selected()  # checkbox/radio

下拉框操作

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select

select_element = driver.find_element(By.ID, 'server-select')
select = Select(select_element)

# 通过索引选择
select.select_by_index(0)

# 通过value选择
select.select_by_value('server1')

# 通过可见文本选择
select.select_by_visible_text('美国服务器')

# 获取所有选项
options = select.options
for option in options:
    print(option.text)

# 获取当前选中项
selected = select.first_selected_option

鼠标操作

from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains

actions = ActionChains(driver)

# 移动到元素
element = driver.find_element(By.ID, 'menu')
actions.move_to_element(element).perform()

# 点击
actions.click(element).perform()

# 双击
actions.double_click(element).perform()

# 右键
actions.context_click(element).perform()

# 拖拽
source = driver.find_element(By.ID, 'item')
target = driver.find_element(By.ID, 'inventory')
actions.drag_and_drop(source, target).perform()

# 悬停
actions.move_to_element(element).pause(2).perform()

# 链式操作
actions.move_to_element(menu).click().move_to_element(submenu).click().perform()

键盘操作

from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

element = driver.find_element(By.ID, 'search')

# 输入并回车
element.send_keys('游戏攻略', Keys.ENTER)

# 组合键
element.send_keys(Keys.CONTROL, 'a')  # 全选
element.send_keys(Keys.CONTROL, 'c')  # 复制

# 特殊键
element.send_keys(Keys.TAB)
element.send_keys(Keys.ESCAPE)
element.send_keys(Keys.ARROW_DOWN)

等待策略

1. 隐式等待

# 全局设置,一次设置全局有效
driver.implicitly_wait(10)  # 等待最多10秒

# 查找元素时会自动等待
element = driver.find_element(By.ID, 'username')

注意: 不推荐使用,可能导致不必要的等待。

2. 显式等待(推荐)

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)  # 最多等待10秒

# 等待元素出现
element = wait.until(
    EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, 'username'))
)

# 等待元素可见
element = wait.until(
    EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.ID, 'message'))
)

# 等待元素可点击
element = wait.until(
    EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, 'submit-btn'))
)

# 等待文本出现
wait.until(
    EC.text_to_be_present_in_element((By.ID, 'status'), '成功')
)

# 等待标题包含
wait.until(EC.title_contains('游戏'))

# 等待URL包含
wait.until(EC.url_contains('/game'))

# 等待元素消失
wait.until(
    EC.invisibility_of_element_located((By.ID, 'loading'))
)

3. 自定义等待条件

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait

def element_has_css_class(locator, css_class):
    """等待元素具有指定class"""
    def _predicate(driver):
        element = driver.find_element(*locator)
        classes = element.get_attribute('class').split()
        return css_class in classes
    return _predicate

wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
wait.until(element_has_css_class((By.ID, 'player'), 'active'))

窗口和框架

窗口操作

# 获取当前窗口句柄
current_window = driver.current_window_handle

# 获取所有窗口句柄
all_windows = driver.window_handles

# 打开新标签页
driver.execute_script('window.open("https://game.com")')

# 切换窗口
for window in driver.window_handles:
    if window != current_window:
        driver.switch_to.window(window)

# 关闭当前窗口
driver.close()

# 关闭浏览器
driver.quit()

# 窗口大小
driver.set_window_size(1920, 1080)
driver.maximize_window()

# 窗口位置
driver.set_window_position(0, 0)

iframe切换

# 切换到iframe (通过索引)
driver.switch_to.frame(0)

# 切换到iframe (通过name/id)
driver.switch_to.frame('game-frame')

# 切换到iframe (通过WebElement)
iframe = driver.find_element(By.ID, 'game-iframe')
driver.switch_to.frame(iframe)

# 切换回主文档
driver.switch_to.default_content()

# 切换到父框架
driver.switch_to.parent_frame()

Alert处理

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

# 等待alert出现
alert = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.alert_is_present())

# 获取alert文本
text = alert.text

# 接受alert (点击确定)
alert.accept()

# 拒绝alert (点击取消)
alert.dismiss()

# 输入文本到prompt
alert.send_keys('test input')
alert.accept()

JavaScript执行

# 执行JavaScript
driver.execute_script('alert("Hello")')

# 滚动到元素
element = driver.find_element(By.ID, 'footer')
driver.execute_script('arguments[0].scrollIntoView()', element)

# 滚动到页面底部
driver.execute_script('window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight)')

# 点击被遮挡的元素
driver.execute_script('arguments[0].click()', element)

# 修改元素属性
driver.execute_script('arguments[0].value = "test"', input_element)

# 获取返回值
title = driver.execute_script('return document.title')

# 异步JavaScript
driver.execute_async_script('''
    var callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
    setTimeout(function() {
        callback('done');
    }, 1000);
''')

Page Object模式

# pages/base_page.py
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

class BasePage:
    """页面基类"""
    def __init__(self, driver):
        self.driver = driver
        self.wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
    
    def find_element(self, locator):
        return self.wait.until(
            EC.presence_of_element_located(locator)
        )
    
    def click(self, locator):
        element = self.wait.until(
            EC.element_to_be_clickable(locator)
        )
        element.click()
    
    def input_text(self, locator, text):
        element = self.find_element(locator)
        element.clear()
        element.send_keys(text)

# pages/login_page.py
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from pages.base_page import BasePage

class LoginPage(BasePage):
    """登录页面"""
    URL = 'https://game.com/login'
    
    # 定位器
    USERNAME_INPUT = (By.ID, 'username')
    PASSWORD_INPUT = (By.ID, 'password')
    LOGIN_BUTTON = (By.ID, 'login-btn')
    ERROR_MESSAGE = (By.CLASS_NAME, 'error-msg')
    
    def open(self):
        self.driver.get(self.URL)
    
    def login(self, username, password):
        self.input_text(self.USERNAME_INPUT, username)
        self.input_text(self.PASSWORD_INPUT, password)
        self.click(self.LOGIN_BUTTON)
    
    def get_error_message(self):
        element = self.find_element(self.ERROR_MESSAGE)
        return element.text

# test_login.py
import pytest
from pages.login_page import LoginPage

class TestLogin:
    @pytest.fixture
    def login_page(self, driver):
        page = LoginPage(driver)
        page.open()
        return page
    
    def test_successful_login(self, login_page):
        login_page.login('valid_user', 'valid_pass')
        # 验证登录成功
        assert 'Welcome' in driver.title
    
    def test_invalid_login(self, login_page):
        login_page.login('invalid', 'invalid')
        error = login_page.get_error_message()
        assert '用户名或密码错误' in error

实战案例

Web游戏自动化测试

import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

class TestWebGame:
    @pytest.fixture
    def driver(self):
        driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        driver.maximize_window()
        yield driver
        driver.quit()
    
    def test_game_launch(self, driver):
        """测试游戏启动"""
        driver.get('https://2048game.com')
        wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
        
        # 验证页面加载
        assert '2048' in driver.title
        
        # 验证游戏容器存在
        game_container = wait.until(
            EC.presence_of_element_located(
                (By.CLASS_NAME, 'game-container')
            )
        )
        assert game_container.is_displayed()
    
    def test_game_interaction(self, driver):
        """测试游戏交互"""
        driver.get('https://2048game.com')
        wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
        
        # 等待游戏加载
        wait.until(
            EC.presence_of_element_located((By.CLASS_NAME, 'tile'))
        )
        
        # 获取初始分数
        score_elem = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'score-container')
        initial_score = int(score_elem.text.split('\n')[0])
        
        # 执行游戏操作
        from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
        body = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'body')
        
        for _ in range(10):
            body.send_keys(Keys.ARROW_UP)
            body.send_keys(Keys.ARROW_LEFT)
        
        # 等待动画
        import time
        time.sleep(2)
        
        # 验证分数变化
        final_score = int(score_elem.text.split('\n')[0])
        assert final_score >= initial_score

常见问题

Q1: 元素找不到?

# 问题: NoSuchElementException
# 解决: 使用显式等待
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
element = wait.until(
    EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, 'element-id'))
)

Q2: 元素被遮挡?

# 问题: ElementClickInterceptedException
# 解决1: 滚动到元素
driver.execute_script('arguments[0].scrollIntoView()', element)
element.click()

# 解决2: 用JS点击
driver.execute_script('arguments[0].click()', element)

Q3: StaleElementReferenceException?

# 问题: 页面刷新后元素引用失效
# 解决: 重新查找元素
def find_and_click(locator):
    element = driver.find_element(*locator)
    element.click()

下一步

继续学习:

目录

03. Selenium Web自动化测试

Selenium简介

应用场景

环境配置

安装Selenium

配置ChromeDriver

Chrome选项配置

元素定位

8种定位方法

CSS Selector技巧

XPath技巧

元素操作

基础操作

下拉框操作

鼠标操作

键盘操作

等待策略

1. 隐式等待

2. 显式等待(推荐)

3. 自定义等待条件

窗口和框架

窗口操作

iframe切换

Alert处理

JavaScript执行

Page Object模式

实战案例

Web游戏自动化测试

常见问题

Q1: 元素找不到?

Q2: 元素被遮挡?

Q3: StaleElementReferenceException?

下一步